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What Times What Equals 31

Written By Monday, October 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Class of units of measurement for explosive energy

"Kiloton" redirects hither. For the similarly named weight measurements, see Tonne.

TNT equivalent
Atomic blast Nevada Yucca 1951.jpg

The explosion from a 14-kiloton nuclear test at the Nevada Examination Site, in 1951.
General information
Unit of measurement system Non-standard
Unit of Energy
Symbol t orton of TNT
Conversions
i t in ... ... is equal to ...
SI base of operations units ≈ four.184 gigajoules
CGS ten9 calories

TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. The tonne of TNT is a unit of energy defined by that convention to exist 4.184 gigajoules,[1] which is the approximate energy released in the detonation of a metric ton (1,000 kilograms) of TNT. In other words, for each gram of TNT exploded, four.184 kilojoules (or 4184 joules) of free energy is released.

This convention intends to compare the destructiveness of an event with that of conventional explosive materials, of which TNT is a typical case, although other conventional explosives such as dynamite incorporate more free energy.

Kiloton and megaton [edit]

The "kiloton (of TNT)" is a unit of energy equal to four.184 terajoules ( 4.184×1012 J).[2]

The "megaton (of TNT)" is a unit of energy equal to 4.184 petajoules ( 4.184×10fifteen J).[three]

The kiloton and megaton of TNT have traditionally been used to describe the energy output, and hence the subversive ability, of a nuclear weapon. The TNT equivalent appears in various nuclear weapon command treaties, and has been used to narrate the free energy released in asteroid impacts.[four]

Historical derivation of the value [edit]

Alternative values for TNT equivalency can exist calculated according to which property is being compared and when in the two detonation processes the values are measured.[5] [6] [seven] [8]

Where for example the comparison is by energy yield, an explosive's free energy is unremarkably expressed for chemical purposes as the thermodynamic work produced by its detonation. For TNT this has been accurately measured as 4686 J/1000 from a large sample of air blast experiments, and theoretically calculated to be 4853 J/g.[9]

Just, even on this ground, comparing the bodily free energy yields of a large nuclear device and an explosion of TNT tin exist slightly inaccurate. Small TNT explosions, especially in the open, don't tend to burn the carbon-particle and hydrocarbon products of the explosion. Gas-expansion and pressure-change effects tend to "freeze" the burn rapidly. A large open explosion of TNT may maintain fireball temperatures high enough then that some of those products do burn upward with atmospheric oxygen.[10]

Such differences can exist substantial. For safety purposes a range equally wide as 2673–6702 J has been stated for a gram of TNT upon explosion.[11]

So, one tin can state that a nuclear bomb has a yield of fifteen kt ( vi.3×10xiii J); but an actual explosion of a 15000 ton pile of TNT may yield (for instance) 8×ten13 J due to additional carbon/hydrocarbon oxidation not nowadays with pocket-size open-air charges.[x]

These complications take been sidestepped past convention. The energy liberated by one gram of TNT was arbitrarily defined as a affair of convention to exist 4184 J,[12] which is exactly 1 kilocalorie.

A kiloton of TNT tin be visualized every bit a cube of TNT 8.46 metres (27.eight ft) on a side.

Grams TNT Symbol Tons TNT Symbol Energy [joules] Energy [Wh] Respective mass loss
milligram of TNT mg nanoton of TNT nt 4.184 J or four.184 joules i.162 mWh 46.55 fg
gram of TNT k microton of TNT μt 4.184×103 J or four.184 kilojoules 1.162 Wh 46.55 pg
kilogram of TNT kg milliton of TNT mt 4.184×106 J or 4.184 megajoules one.162 kWh 46.55 ng
megagram of TNT Mg ton of TNT t 4.184×10ix J or 4.184 gigajoules 1.162 MWh 46.55 μg
gigagram of TNT Gg kiloton of TNT kt 4.184×1012 J or 4.184 terajoules 1.162 GWh 46.55 mg
teragram of TNT Tg megaton of TNT Mt 4.184×10fifteen J or 4.184 petajoules 1.162 TWh 46.55 m
petagram of TNT Pg gigaton of TNT Gt 4.184×1018 J or four.184 exajoules 1.162 PWh 46.55 kg

Conversion to other units [edit]

i ton TNT equivalent is approximately:

  • 1.0×x9 calories[13]
  • iv.184×109 joules[fourteen]
  • iii.96831 ×tensix British thermal units[xv]
  • 3.086×x9 pes-pounds[16]
  • 1.162×103 kilowatt-hours[17]

Examples [edit]

Megatons of TNT Energy [Wh] Description
1×10−12 ane.162 Wh ≈ 1 food Calorie (large Calorie, kcal), which is the gauge amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water past i degree Celsius at a pressure of ane atmosphere.
1×ten−9 1.162 kWh Nether controlled atmospheric condition one kilogram of TNT can destroy (or even obliterate) a small vehicle.
iv.eight×10−9 5.6 kWh The energy to burn down ane kilogram of forest.[18]
1×x−viii 11.62 kWh The estimate radiant oestrus energy released during 3-phase, 600 Five, 100 kA arcing error in a 0.v m × 0.v k × 0.5 m (20 in × xx in × 20 in) compartment within a 1-second flow.[ further explanation needed ] [ commendation needed ]
1.2×10−8 13.94 kWh Amount of TNT used (12 kg) in Coptic church explosion in Cairo, Egypt on Dec xi, 2016 that left 25 expressionless[xix]
i.9×x−half dozen ii.ninety MWh The television receiver testify MythBusters used 2.five tons of ANFO to make "homemade" diamonds. (Episode 116.)
2.4×10−7 – ii.4×x−6 280–2,800 kWh The energy output released by an average lightning belch.[20]
(1–44)×10−6 1.16–51.14 MWh Conventional bombs yield from less than one ton to FOAB's 44 tons. The yield of a Tomahawk cruise missile is equivalent to 500 kg of TNT.[21]
five×10−four 581 MWh A real 0.5-kilotonne-of-TNT (2.i TJ) charge at Functioning Sailor Chapeau. If the charge were a full sphere, it would exist one kilotonne of TNT (4.2 TJ).

500 tons of TNT (5 by x grand (17 by 34 ft)) pending detonation at Functioning Crewman Chapeau.
1.viii×10−3 2.088 GWh Estimated yield of the Beirut explosion of 2,750 tons of ammonium nitrate[22] that killed initially 137 at and about a Lebanese port at six p.chiliad. local time Tuesday August iv, 2020.[23] An independent written report by experts from the Blast and Impact Enquiry Group at the University of Sheffield predicts the best approximate of the yield of Beirut explosion to be 0.5 kilotons of TNT and the reasonable spring estimate equally 1.12 kilotons of TNT.[24]
(1–2)×x−3 1.16–2.32 GWh Estimated yield of the Oppau explosion that killed more than than 500 at a German fertilizer factory in 1921.
ii.3×10−3 ii.67 GWh Amount of solar energy falling on 4,000 m2 (1 acre) of land in a twelvemonth is 9.5 TJ (two,650 MWh) (an boilerplate over the Earth's surface).[25]
2.9×10−3 three.4 GWh The Halifax Explosion in 1917 was the accidental detonation of 200 tons of TNT and two,300 tons of Picric acid[26]
3.2×10−3 three.vi GWh The Performance Large Bang on Apr xviii, 1947, blasted the bunkers on Heligoland. It accumulated 6700 metric tons of surplus Earth War II armament placed in various locations effectually the island and set up off. The energy released was ane.3×10xiii J, or about 3.two kilotons of TNT equivalent.[27]
4×ten−three nine.3 GWh Minor Calibration, a 1985 Us conventional explosion, using 4,744 tons of ANFO explosive to provide a scaled equivalent airblast of an viii kiloton (33.44 TJ) nuclear device,[28] is believed to exist the largest planned detonation of conventional explosives in history.
(1.5–2)×10−two 17.four–23.2 GWh The Fiddling Boy diminutive bomb dropped on Hiroshima on Baronial 6, 1945, exploded with an free energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63 TJ) killing between ninety,000 and 166,000 people,[29] and the Fat Homo diminutive bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, exploded with an free energy of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 TJ) killing over 60,000.[29] The modern nuclear weapons in the U.s.a. armory range in yield from 0.3 kt (1.3 TJ) to 1.2 Mt (v.0 PJ) equivalent, for the B83 strategic bomb.
>ii.iv×10−one 280 GWh The typical energy yield of severe thunderstorms.[thirty]
1.v×10−5 – 6×10−1 20 MWh – 700 GWh The estimated kinetic energy of tornados.[31]
1 1.xvi TWh The free energy independent in 1 megaton of TNT (4.ii PJ) is enough to ability the average American household for 103,000 years.[32] The thirty Mt (130 PJ) estimated upper limit blast ability of the Tunguska upshot could power the same boilerplate home for more than 3,100,000 years. The energy of that blast could ability the entire U.s. for iii.27 days.[33]
8.half-dozen ten TWh The energy output that would be released by a typical tropical cyclone in one minute, primarily from water condensation. Winds found 0.25% of that energy.[34]
16 18.6 TWh The judge radiated surface energy released in a magnitude 8 convulsion.[35]
21.5 25 TWh The complete conversion of 1 kg of matter into pure free energy would yield the theoretical maximum (Eastward = mc 2) of 89.8 petajoules, which is equivalent to 21.five megatons of TNT. No such method of total conversion as combining 500 grams of matter with 500 grams of antimatter has yet been accomplished. In the issue of proton–antiproton annihilation, approximately 50% of the released energy will escape in the form of neutrinos, which are almost undetectable.[36] Electron–positron annihilation events emit their energy entirely as gamma rays.
24 28 TWh Approximate total yield of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.[37]
26.iii 30.6 TWh Energy released by the 2004 Indian Bounding main earthquake.

An animation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
l–56 58 TWh The Soviet Union developed a prototype weapon, nicknamed the Tsar Bomba, which was tested at fifty–56 Mt (210–230 PJ), but had a maximum theoretical yield of 100 Mt (420 PJ).[38] The effective subversive potential of such a weapon varies greatly, depending on such conditions every bit the altitude at which it is detonated, the characteristics of the target, the terrain, and the physical landscape upon which it is detonated.
61 70.nine TWh The energy released past the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic eruption, in the southern Pacific Ocean, is estimated to take been equivalent to 61 Megatons of TNT.[39]
84 97.04 TWh The solar irradiance on Earth every 2nd.[40]
200 230 TWh The full free energy released by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia).[41]
540 630 TWh The total free energy produced worldwide by all nuclear testing and gainsay usage combined, from the 1940s to the present, is about 540 megatons.
i,460 1.69 PWh The full global nuclear arsenal is nearly xv,000 nuclear warheads[42] [43] [44] with a destructive chapters of around 1460 megatons[45] [46] [47] [48] or 1.46 gigatons (1,460 one thousand thousand tons) of TNT. This is the equivalent of 6.11x10eighteen joules of free energy
two,870 iii.34 PWh The energy released past a hurricane per day during condensation.[49]
33.000 38.53 PWh The total energy released by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in the island of Sumbawa in Republic of indonesia. Yielded the equivalent of 2.2 million Fiddling Boys (the first atomic bomb) or 1/4 of the entire earth's almanac energy consumption.[50] This eruption 4-x times more destructive than the 1883 Krakatoa eruption.[51]
240,000 280 PWh The approximate total yield of the super-eruption of the La Garita Caldera is 10,000 times more powerful than the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.[52] Information technology was the second almost energetic issue to have occurred on Globe since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction outcome 66 million years ago.

A photograph of the La Garita Caldera
301,000 350 PWh The total solar irradiance energy received by Globe in the upper temper per hour.[53] [54]
875,000 1.02 EWh Guess yield of the terminal eruption of the Yellowstone supervolcano.[55]

Epitome of the Yellowstone supervolcano.
3.61×106 four.2 EWh The solar irradiance of the Sun every 12 hours.[53] [56]
6×tensix 7 EWh The estimated energy at bear on when the largest fragment of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 struck Jupiter is equivalent to 6 1000000 megatons (half dozen trillion tons) of TNT.[57]

The impact site of the Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
9.32×10vi ten.8 EWh The energy released in the 2011 Tōhoku convulsion and tsunami was over 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated past the USGS at 3.9×1022 joules,[58] slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. This is equivalent to 9.32 teratons of TNT. It was estimated at a Richter magnitude of nine.0 - 9.1.

The harm caused by the 2011 Tōhoku seismic sea wave
9.56×106 11.one EWh Megathrust earthquakes tape huge M W values, or total energy released. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake released ix,560 gigatons TNT equivalent.[59]
v.98×ten7 lxx EWh The free energy yield of the 1960 Valdivia convulsion, was estimated at a Richter magnitude of 9.four–9.6. This is the most powerful convulsion recorded in history.[60]

The aftermath of the 1960 Valvida earthquake.
one×108 116 EWh Estimates in 2010 show that the kinetic free energy of the Chicxulub impact event yielded 100 teratons of TNT equivalent (1 teraton of TNT equals 10six megatons of TNT) which caused the K-Pg extinction event, wiping out 76% of all species on Earth.[61] [62] [63] This is far more destructive than whatsoever natural disaster recorded in history. Such an event would've acquired global volcanism, earthquakes, megatsunamis, and global climatic change.[64] [65] [62] [66] [67]

The blitheness of the Chicxulub touch on.
> 2.4×1010 >28 ZWh The impact energy of Archean asteroids.[68]
9.ane×10ten 106 ZWh The full energy output of the Sun per second.[69]
2.iv×x11 280 ZWh The kinetic energy of the Caloris Planitia impactor.[seventy]

The photo of the Caloris Planitia on Mercury. Taken by the MESSENGER orbiter.
five.972×10fifteen 6.94 RWh The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the mass of Earth.[71]
7.89×10fifteen ix.17 RWh Total solar output in all directions per twenty-four hours.[72]
1.98×1021 2.3×ten33  Wh The explosive energy of a quantity of TNT of the mass of the Sun.[73]
(2.4–four.8)×1028 (2.viii–5.6)×xtwoscore  Wh A type 1a supernova explosion gives off 1– 2×1044 joules of free energy, which is about 2.4–4.8 hundred billion yottatons (24–48 octillion (2.4– 4.viii×ten28 ) megatons) of TNT, equivalent to the explosive force of a quantity of TNT over a trillion (1012) times the mass of the planet World. This is the astrophysical standard candle used to decide galactic distances.[74]
(two.four–4.eight)×x30 (2.8–5.6)×1042  Wh The largest type of supernova observed, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) release more than 1046 joules of energy.[75]
1.3×1032 one.5×1044  Wh A merger of two black holes, resulting in the start observation of gravitational waves, released 5.three×1047  joules[76]
9.6×1053 one.12×1066 Wh Estimated mass-energy of the observable universe.[77]

Relative effectiveness factor [edit]

The relative effectiveness factor (RE factor) relates an explosive's demolition power to that of TNT, in units of the TNT equivalent/kg (TNTe/kg). The RE factor is the relative mass of TNT to which an explosive is equivalent: The greater the RE, the more powerful the explosive.

This enables engineers to determine the proper masses of unlike explosives when applying blasting formulas adult specifically for TNT. For case, if a timber-cutting formula calls for a charge of i kg of TNT, then based on octanitrocubane's RE factor of ii.38, it would have simply 1.0/2.38 (or 0.42) kg of it to do the same job. Using PETN, engineers would demand 1.0/i.66 (or 0.60) kg to obtain the aforementioned effects as i kg of TNT. With ANFO or ammonium nitrate, they would require one.0/0.74 (or ane.35) kg or one.0/0.32 (or 3.125) kg, respectively.

Calculating a unmarried RE factor for an explosive is, nonetheless, impossible. Information technology depends on the specific example or employ. Given a pair of explosives, one tin produce 2× the shockwave output (this depends on the distance of measuring instruments) but the departure in direct metallic cutting ability may be iv× higher for one type of metal and 7× higher for another blazon of metal. The relative differences between ii explosives with shaped charges will be even greater. The table below should be taken as an example and not as a precise source of information.

Some relative effectiveness factor examples[ citation needed ]
Explosive, grade Density
(g/ml) 		Detonation
vel. (k/s) 		Relative
effectiveness
Ammonium nitrate (AN + <0.5% H2O) 0.88 ii,700[78] 0.32[79] [80]
Mercury(II) fulminate 4.42 iv,250 0.51[81]
Black pulverisation (75% KNOiii + 19% C + 6% Due south, ancient low explosive) one.65 600 0.55[82]
Hexamine dinitrate (HDN) 1.xxx five,070 0.60
Dinitrobenzene (DNB) 1.l 6,025 0.sixty
HMTD (hexamine peroxide) 0.88 4,520 0.74
ANFO (94% AN + half dozen% fuel oil) 0.92 4,200 0.74
Urea nitrate one.67 4,700 0.77
TATP (acetone peroxide) 1.18 5,300 0.80
Tovex Extra (AN water gel) commercial production 1.33 v,690 0.lxxx
Hydromite 600 (AN water emulsion) commercial product 1.24 5,550 0.80
ANNMAL (66% AN + 25% NM + 5% Al + 3% C + 1% TETA) one.16 5,360 0.87
Amatol (50% TNT + 50% AN) ane.50 half dozen,290 0.91
Nitroguanidine ane.32 6,750 0.95
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) i.60 6,900 1.00
Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) 1.lxx seven,080 ane.05
Nitrourea 1.45 6,860 one.05
Tritonal (80% TNT + xx% aluminium)[a] 1.70 6,650 ane.05
Nickel hydrazine nitrate (NHN) 1.70 7,000 1.05
Amatol (80% TNT + 20% AN) ane.55 vi,570 1.10
Nitrocellulose (13.five% Due north, NC; AKA guncotton) 1.40 6,400 ane.10
Nitromethane (NM) i.13 6,360 1.x
PBXW-126 (22% NTO, xx% RDX, 20% AP, 26% Al, 12% PU'due south system)[a] 1.80 vi,450 one.x
Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN) 1.38 6,610 1.17
PBXIH-135 EB (42% HMX, 33% Al, 25% PCP-TMETN's system)[a] 1.81 vii,060 1.17
PBXN-109 (64% RDX, 20% Al, 16% HTPB'southward organization)[a] 1.68 7,450 i.17
Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) ane.80 7,550 1.17
Picric acid (TNP) 1.71 7,350 1.17
Trinitrobenzene (TNB) i.60 7,300 1.twenty
Tetrytol (70% tetryl + 30% TNT) one.60 7,370 1.xx
Dynamite, Nobel's (75% NG + 23% diatomite) 1.48 seven,200 1.25
Tetryl 1.71 7,770 1.25
Torpex (aka HBX, 41% RDX + 40% TNT + 18% Al + 1% wax)[a] 1.80 vii,440 1.xxx
Composition B (63% RDX + 36% TNT + ane% wax) 1.72 7,840 1.33
Limerick C-three (78% RDX) 1.lx 7,630 1.33
Composition C-4 (91% RDX) 1.59 viii,040 1.34
Pentolite (56% PETN + 44% TNT) 1.66 7,520 ane.33
Semtex 1A (76% PETN + 6% RDX) ane.55 seven,670 ane.35
Hexal (76% RDX + xx% Al + 4% wax)[a] 1.79 7,640 1.35
RISAL P (50% IPN + 28% RDX + 15% Al + 4% Mg + 1% Zr + 2% NC)[a] 1.39 5,980 ane.forty
Hydrazine nitrate ane.59 eight,500 1.42
Mixture: 24% nitrobenzene + 76% TNM 1.48 eight,060 1.50
Mixture: 30% nitrobenzene + seventy% nitrogen tetroxide one.39 eight,290 i.50
Nitroglycerin (NG) i.59 7,700 1.54
Methyl nitrate (MN) 1.21 seven,900 ane.54
Octol (lxxx% HMX + xix% TNT + 1% DNT) 1.83 eight,690 1.54
Nitrotriazolon (NTO) ane.87 8,120 1.60
DADNE (1,1-diamino-ii,ii-dinitroethene, FOX-seven) 1.77 eight,330 1.60
Gelignite (92% NG + 7% nitrocellulose) 1.60 7,970 1.sixty
Plastics Gel® (in toothpaste tube: 45% PETN + 45% NG + 5% DEGDN + iv% NC) 1.51 7,940 1.60
Composition A-5 (98% RDX + two% stearic acid) 1.65 8,470 i.sixty
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) one.72 8,206 ane.lx
Hexogen (RDX) 1.78 8,600 i.60
PBXW-xi (96% HMX, one% HyTemp, 3% DOA) 1.81 eight,720 i.sixty
Penthrite (PETN) 1.77 eight,400 1.66
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) 1.49 8,300 1.66
MEDINA (Methylene dinitroamine) i.65 8,700 one.lxx
Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) 1.85 8,640 ane.70
Octogen (HMX form B) 1.86 9,100 i.70
Hexanitrobenzene (HNB) 1.97 ix,340 1.80
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW; AKA CL-twenty) 1.97 9,500 1.90
DDF (4,iv'-Dinitro-three,3'-diazenofuroxan) i.98 10,000 1.95
Heptanitrocubane (HNC)[b] ane.92 9,200 N/A
Octanitrocubane (ONC) one.95 10,600 2.38
Octaazacubane (OAC)[b] 2.69 xv,000 >five.00
  1. ^ a b c d e f g TBX (thermobaric explosives) or EBX (enhanced blast explosives), in a pocket-sized, confined space, may have over twice the ability of destruction. The total power of aluminized mixtures strictly depends on the status of explosions.
  2. ^ a b Predicted values

Nuclear examples [edit]

Nuclear weapons and the most powerful non-nuclear weapon examples
Weapon Total yield
(kilotons of TNT) 		Weight
(kg) 		Relative
effectiveness
Bomb used in Oklahoma Metropolis (ANFO based on racing fuel) 0.0018 2,300 0.78
GBU-57 bomb (Massive Ordnance Penetrator, MOP) 0.0035 13,600 0.26
Grand Slam (Earthquake bomb, M110) 0.0065 ix,900 0.66
BLU-82 (Daisy Cutter) 0.0075 6,800 1.10
MOAB (non-nuclear bomb, GBU-43) 0.011 9,800 one.13
FOAB (advanced thermobaric bomb, ATBIP) 0.044 9,100 four.83
W54, Mk-54 (Davy Crockett) 0.022 23 1,000
W54, B54 (SADM) 1.0 23 43,500
Hypothetical suitcase nuke 2.5 31 80,000
Fat Human being (dropped on Nagasaki) A-bomb 20 4600 4,500
Classic (one-stage) fission A-bomb 22 420 50,000
W88 modern thermonuclear warhead (MIRV) 470 355 1,300,000
Typical (two-phase) nuclear bomb 500–thou 650–i,120 900,000
W56 thermonuclear warhead 1,200 272–308 four,960,000
B53 nuclear bomb (ii-stage) 9,000 4,050 2,200,000
B41 nuclear flop (3-stage) 25,000 4,850 5,100,000
Tsar nuclear flop (three-stage) 50,000–56,000 26,500 2,100,000
Antimatter 43,000 ane 43,000,000,000

See besides [edit]

  • Brisance
  • Net explosive quantity
  • Nuclear weapon yield
  • Orders of magnitude (energy)
  • Relative effectiveness cistron
  • Tabular array of explosive detonation velocities
  • Ton
  • Tonne
  • Tonne of oil equivalent, a unit of energy almost exactly ten tonnes of TNT

References [edit]

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What Times What Equals 31,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_equivalent

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